2026-04-012025/26:JuU14 · p.3JuUJustice
GPS interference
Should GPS jamming be classified as a terrorism offence?
What's at stake: GPS jamming can disrupt sea and air traffic and cause accidents. How it is legally classified affects which investigative tools and international cooperation can be used against it, at a time when such interference is linked to a wider hybrid threat.
Case texts and AI reasoning are AI-translated from the Swedish originals; the Swedish text is authoritative.
What the vote decides
The question is whether GPS jamming (GNSS interference) should specifically be classified as a terrorism offence and linked to international arrest warrants, or whether the current broad terrorism-offence legislation and ongoing resilience work already suffice.
Yes Yes — the committee proposal
The committee notes that the earlier list of qualifying offences was removed when the new terrorism-offence law was introduced, so that any intentional offence meeting the objective and subjective requirements can already constitute a terrorism offence, and that the government is already working intensively on GPS jamming and Sweden's resilience to it; the motion is rejected.
No No — the reservations
Reservation 3 (S)
The reservation (S) holds that GPS jamming is part of the Russian hybrid threat and extremely serious, since it risks causing accidents in sea and air traffic; the interference is systematic and politically motivated and should therefore be classified as a terrorism offence and followed up with international arrest warrants.
Summarised from the committee report. Party labels in the summary come from the report, not from the vote.
What do the votes mean here?
Yes The committee proposal: rejecting the motions (keeping things as they are).
No Backing the counter-proposal: reservation 3 by S.
Abstain The party marks a position of its own that is not one of the two final alternatives.
What each plan points to — and how the party voted
For each party: the vote its own election manifesto and party programme point to in this case, next to how the party actually voted. A plan can only point to Yes or No; a party can also abstain.
| Plan | Vote | Confidence | Evidence | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V | Yes | Yes 17/0/0/5 | follows the plan | confidence: low | not addressed |
| S | No | No 0/90/0/16 | follows the plan | confidence: medium | not addressed |
| MP | Yes | Yes 15/0/0/3 | follows the plan | confidence: low | not addressed |
| C | No | Yes 19/0/0/5 | departs from the plan | confidence: low | not addressed |
| L | No | Yes 12/0/0/4 | departs from the plan | confidence: medium | not addressed |
| KD | No | Yes 16/0/0/3 | departs from the plan | confidence: medium | not addressed |
| M | No | Yes 55/0/0/11 | departs from the plan | confidence: medium | not addressed |
| SD | No | Yes 59/0/0/11 | departs from the plan | confidence: medium | not addressed |
Committee proposal
The Riksdag rejects motion 2025/26:3556 by Peter Hultqvist et al. (S) request 101.
Original (Swedish)
Riksdagen avslår motion 2025/26:3556 av Peter Hultqvist m.fl. (S) yrkande 101.
Riksdag decision: The Riksdag rejected 23 proposals in motions on terrorism from the general motion period of 2025. The proposals deal with, among other things, principles of the rule of law and human rights, exit programs, and GPS interference. The Riksdag has addressed the same or substantially the same issues previously during this election term.
Counter-proposals
- The counter-proposal wants to classify GPS jamming as terrorist crimes to be pursued through international arrest warrants. (S) — Reservation 3
Plan vs actual vote
Every party, in chamber order: what its own plan pointed to, how it voted, and the reasoning behind both. Highlighted rows are where the two differ — but a vote that follows the plan is a result too, so the reasoning is there for every party.
The plan is consistently skeptical of meeting problems with expanded criminal law and demands that penalties be designed carefully to actually reduce crime.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan is consistently skeptical of meeting problems with expanded criminal law and demands that penalties be designed carefully to actually reduce crime. Generally classifying GPS jamming as terrorism is such an expansion that the plan does not call for, while legal certainty is highlighted as central. The documents do not directly address hybrid threats, so the position is derived from criminal policy.
Original (Swedish)
Planen är genomgående skeptisk till att möta problem med utvidgad straffrätt och kräver att påföljder utformas noggrant för att faktiskt minska brottsligheten. Att generellt klassa gps-störningar som terrorbrott är en sådan utvidgning som planen inte efterfrågar, samtidigt som rättssäkerheten framhålls som central. Dokumenten berör inte hybridhot direkt, så ställningstagandet härleds ur rättspolitiken.
- repression does not solve problemsdecisive»Alltför ofta lyfts repression och hårdare tag upp som lösningar istället för att ta itu med problemen på allvar.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Far too often, repression and harsher measures are lifted up as solutions instead of seriously addressing the problems.”
- carefully designed penalties»Straff och andra påföljder för brott behöver vara noggrant« (party programme ↗)“Penalties and other consequences for crime need to be carefully”
- legal certainty in criminal law»Utvecklingen av ett rättsväsende byggt på rättssäkerhet är viktig« (party programme ↗)“Development of a judicial system built on legal certainty is important”
The plan requires preparedness against hybrid attacks and states that Sweden must be able to defend itself against hybrid warfare, espionage and cyber attacks.
Plan documents: party programme · 2022 manifesto
Reasoning and quotes
The plan requires preparedness against hybrid attacks and states that Sweden must be able to defend itself against hybrid warfare, espionage and cyber attacks. Systematic and politically motivated GPS disruptions are exactly such an attack, and stricter legal classification with international wanted notices follows the plan's line. However, the requirement for rule of law in criminal policy urges careful examination of the criminal category.
Original (Swedish)
Planen kräver beredskap mot hybridattacker och slår fast att Sverige måste kunna försvara sig även mot hybridkrigföring, spionage och cyberangrepp. Systematiska och politiskt motiverade gps-störningar är just ett sådant angrepp, och en strängare rättslig klassificering med internationella efterlysningar följer planens linje. Kravet på rättssäkerhet i kriminalpolitiken manar dock till noggrann prövning av brottsrubriceringen.
- preparedness against hybrid threatsdecisive»Beredskap mot hybridattacker.« (party programme ↗)“Preparedness against hybrid attacks.”
- defence against hybrid warfare»Vi måste kunna försvara oss militärt, men också mot hybridattacker, spionage och cyberangrepp.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“We must be able to defend ourselves militarily, but also against hybrid attacks, espionage and cyber attacks.”
- prevented terrorist acts»Bekämpande av våldsbejakande extremism och förhindrande av terrordåd.« (party programme ↗)“Combating violent extremism and preventing terrorist acts.”
- rule of law in criminal policy»Kriminalpolitik byggd på evidens, effektivitet och rättssäkerhet.« (party programme ↗)“Criminal policy built on evidence, efficiency and rule of law.”
The plan wants to strengthen resilience against hybrid threats and secure control over critical infrastructure, but it also requires that all new criminal legislation is tested carefully from a legal certainty perspective and that crime fighting does not occur at the expense of rule of law principles.
Plan documents: party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan wants to strengthen resilience against hybrid threats and secure control over critical infrastructure, but it also requires that all new criminal legislation is tested carefully from a legal certainty perspective and that crime fighting does not occur at the expense of rule of law principles. Generally classifying GPS disruptions as terrorist crimes is such an expansion that the plan does not support. The conclusion is derived from rule of law principles.
Original (Swedish)
Planen vill stärka motståndskraften mot hybridhot och säkra kontrollen över kritisk infrastruktur, men den kräver också att all ny straffrättslig reglering prövas noggrant utifrån rättssäkerhet och att brottsbekämpning inte sker på bekostnad av rättsstatens principer. Att generellt klassa gps-störningar som terroristbrott är en sådan utvidgning som planen inte ger stöd för. Slutsatsen är härledd ur rättsstatsprinciperna.
- rättsstatens principerdecisive»Brottsbekämpning ska inte ske på bekostnad av« (party programme ↗)“Crime fighting shall not occur at the expense of”
- noggrann rättssäkerhetsprövning»Vi vill säkerställa att all ny lagstiftning« (party programme ↗)“We want to ensure that all new legislation”
- skydd av kritisk infrastruktur»Samhället måste säkra kontroll över« (party programme ↗)“Society must secure control over”
The plan sees Russia's war as a threat to the security of all of Europe and requires that defense capability be adapted to new threats to the country and that civil preparedness be strengthened.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan sees Russia's war as a threat to the security of all of Europe and requires that defense capability be adapted to new threats to the country and that civil preparedness be strengthened. Treating systematic GPS disruptions as part of the hybrid threat with sharper legal tools is in line with this. The plan says nothing explicit about the classification of terrorism offences, so the conclusion is derived.
Original (Swedish)
Planen ser Rysslands krig som ett hot mot hela Europas säkerhet och kräver att försvarsförmågan anpassas efter nya hot mot landet samt att den civila beredskapen rustas. Att behandla systematiska gps-störningar som en del av hybridhotet med skarpare rättsliga verktyg ligger i linje med det. Planen säger dock inget om terroristbrottets rubricering, varför slutsatsen är härledd.
- strengthen defense and preparednessdecisive»Centerpartiet vill rusta försvaret, stärka Sveriges civila beredskap och fullfölja inträdet i Nato.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“The Centre Party wants to strengthen defense, strengthen Sweden's civil preparedness and complete entry into NATO.”
- adaptation to new threats»Därför måste vi också anpassa vår försvarsförmåga efter nya hot mot landet.« (party programme ↗)“Therefore, we must also adapt our defense capability to new threats to the country.”
- pressure on Russian actors»Stryp Putins krigskassa nu.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Starve Putin's war chest now.”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The election manifesto describes the Russian attack as an acute threat to our security order and wants Sweden to drive for as comprehensive a sanctions regime against Russia as possible and for cross-border crime control.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The election manifesto describes the Russian attack as an acute threat to our security order and wants Sweden to drive for as comprehensive a sanctions regime against Russia as possible and for cross-border crime control. The party programme opens for increased penalties for specific crime types to mark the seriousness of the violation. To classify systematic GPS disruptions as terrorism and link them to international arrest warrants follows that line.
Original (Swedish)
Valmanifestet beskriver det ryska angreppet som ett akut hot mot vår säkerhetsordning och vill att Sverige är pådrivande för en så heltäckande sanktionsregim mot Ryssland som möjligt samt för gränsöverskridande brottsbekämpning. Partiprogrammet öppnar för skärpta straffsatser för särskilda brottstyper för att markera allvaret i kränkningen. Att klassa systematiska gps-störningar som terrorbrott och koppla dem till internationella efterlysningar följer den linjen.
- tough measures against Russiadecisive»Sverige ska vara pådrivande för att så breda globala koalitioner som möjligt bygger ut en så heltäckande sanktionsregim mot Ryssland som möjligt.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Sweden shall be driving for the broadest possible global coalitions to build out as comprehensive a sanctions regime against Russia as possible.”
- cross-border crime control»Gränsöverskridande brottslighet måste mötas med en gränsöverskridande polis.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Cross-border crime must be met with cross-border policing.”
- increased penalties mark seriousness»Det kan även finnas särskilda brottstyper där det kan vara befogat att skärpa straffsatserna för att underlätta rehabilitering eller markera allvaret i den kränkning som brottet utgör.« (party programme ↗)“There may also be specific crime types where it may be justified to increase penalties to facilitate rehabilitation or mark the seriousness of the violation that the crime constitutes.”
- acute threat to the security order»Med det ryska anfallskriget mot Ukraina – detta angrepp mot hela Europa – är hotet mot vår säkerhetsordning akut.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“With the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine—this attack on all of Europe—the threat to our security order is acute.”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The plan establishes that new types of threats give a broadened security concept and that Sweden must be able to meet attacks from international crime, terrorism and cyber warfare.
Plan documents: party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan establishes that new types of threats give a broadened security concept and that Sweden must be able to meet attacks from international crime, terrorism and cyber warfare. Systematic, politically motivated GPS interference against maritime and aviation is precisely such a threat, and classifying them as terrorist crime and linking them to international alerts follow from the commitment. The plan further requires developed international police cooperation against transnational crime.
Original (Swedish)
Planen slår fast att nya typer av hot ger ett vidgat säkerhetsbegrepp och att Sverige måste kunna möta angrepp från internationell kriminalitet, terrorism och cyberkrigföring. Systematiska, politiskt motiverade gps-störningar mot sjö- och luftfart är just ett sådant hot, och att klassa dem som terrorbrott och koppla dem till internationella efterlysningar följer av åtagandet. Planen kräver dessutom utvecklat internationellt polissamarbete mot gränsöverskridande brottslighet.
- meet terrorism and cyber threatsdecisive»Sverige måste kunna möta angrepp från internationell kriminalitet, terrorism,« (party programme ↗)“Sweden must be able to meet attacks from international crime, terrorism,”
- broadened security concept»Nya typer av konflikter och hot leder till ett vidgat säkerhetsbegrepp.« (party programme ↗)“New types of conflicts and threats lead to a broadened security concept.”
- international police cooperation»För att möta den internationella brottsutvecklingen krävs ett väl fungerande samarbete över« (party programme ↗)“To meet international crime development, well-functioning cooperation across”
- EU cooperation against serious crime»Det krävs ett nära samarbete på EU-nivå för att motverka allvarlig gränsöverskridande« (party programme ↗)“Close cooperation at the EU level is required to counter serious transnational”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The plan promises an action plan with concrete measures against hybrid threats and cyber attacks and that cyber defence is developed, against the background that Russia's invasion of Ukraine has created the most serious security policy crisis in Europe since the Second World War.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan promises an action plan with concrete measures against hybrid threats and cyber attacks and that cyber defence is developed, against the background that Russia's invasion of Ukraine has created the most serious security policy crisis in Europe since the Second World War. Systematic, politically motivated GPS disruptions against maritime and aviation are exactly such a hybrid threat, and the plan believes that the state's hard core is never negotiable. Classifying them as terrorist crimes therefore aligns with the plan's line, even though the plan does not mention the classification.
Original (Swedish)
Planen lovar en handlingsplan med konkreta åtgärder mot hybridhot och cyberattacker och att cyberförsvaret utvecklas, mot bakgrund av att Rysslands invasion av Ukraina skapat den allvarligaste säkerhetspolitiska krisen i Europa sedan andra världskriget. Systematiska, politiskt motiverade gps-störningar mot sjö- och luftfart är exakt ett sådant hybridhot, och planen anser att statens hårda kärna aldrig är förhandlingsbar. Att klassa dem som terrorbrott ligger därmed i planens linje, även om planen inte nämner rubriceringen.
- handlingsplan mot hybridhotdecisive»Införa en handlingsplan med konkreta åtgärder mot hybridhot och cyberattacker« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Introduce an action plan with concrete measures against hybrid threats and cyber attacks”
- stärkt cyberförsvar»Utveckla cyberförsvaret« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Develop cyber defence”
- statens hårda kärna»Statens hårda kärna får aldrig vara förhandlingsbar.« (party programme ↗)“The state's hard core must never be negotiable.”
- skärpt hotbild från Ryssland»Rysslands invasion av Ukraina har skapat den allvarligaste säkerhetspolitiska krisen i Europa sedan andra världskriget.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Russia's invasion of Ukraine has created the most serious security policy crisis in Europe since the Second World War.”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The plan explicitly commits to strengthened European cooperation against hybrid threats and terrorism and to clear sanctions against Russia.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto
Reasoning and quotes
The plan explicitly commits to strengthened European cooperation against hybrid threats and terrorism and to clear sanctions against Russia. To treat systematic, politically motivated GPS disruptions as terrorism and link them to international alerts is in line with that and with the plan's requirement that Sweden be prepared for the new security situation. However, the plan does not take a position on the crime classification as such.
Original (Swedish)
Planen förbinder sig uttryckligen till ett förstärkt europeiskt samarbete mot hybridhot och terrorism och till tydliga sanktioner mot Ryssland. Att behandla systematiska, politiskt motiverade gps-störningar som terrorbrott och koppla dem till internationella efterlysningar ligger i den linjen och i planens krav på att Sverige ska rustas för det nya säkerhetsläget. Planen tar dock inte ställning till brottsrubriceringen som sådan.
- counter hybrid threats and terrorismdecisive»Förstärka det europeiska samarbetet mot islamistiska organisationer, hybridhot och terrorism« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Strengthen European cooperation against Islamist organizations, hybrid threats and terrorism”
- sanctions against Russia»Sverige bör verka för tydliga sanktioner mot Turkiet, Belarus, Ryssland och andra länder med en negativ utveckling.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Sweden should work for clear sanctions against Turkey, Belarus, Russia and other countries with negative development.”
- heightened security policy preparedness»Rusta Sverige inför en ny säkerhetspolitisk situation i vårt närområde« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Prepare Sweden for a new security policy situation in our region”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
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Sources and documents
- The committee report on riksdagen.se (2025/26:JuU14)
- Committee report full text (HD01JuU14)
- Per-MP voting data (API)
- Case status (API)
Documents under consideration
- Motion 2025/26:1487 — Åtgärder för att stärka kampen mot terrorism och dess finansiering av Jamal El-Haj (-)
- Motion 2025/26:2463 — Kriminaliserande av antidemokratiska organisationer av Ann-Sofie Alm (M)
- Motion 2025/26:266 — Straffansvar för glorifiering av terrordåd av Martin Westmont (SD)
- Motion 2025/26:2788 — Rättsväsendet av Gudrun Nordborg m.fl. (V)
- Motion 2025/26:2844 — Muslimska brödraskapet av Markus Wiechel m.fl. (SD)
- Motion 2025/26:3043 — Åtgärder mot krigs- och terrorbrott av Markus Wiechel (SD)
- Motion 2025/26:3062 — Förbud och begränsningar i fråga om våldsbejakande extremism av Noria Manouchi (M)
- Motion 2025/26:3405 — Ökad civil försvarsförmåga och stärkt krisberedskap av Emma Berginger m.fl. (MP)
- Motion 2025/26:3556 — Totalförsvarets beredskap av Peter Hultqvist m.fl. (S)
- Motion 2025/26:3581 — Rättspolitik av Ulrika Liljeberg m.fl. (C)
Source: The Swedish Parliament