2023-04-272022/23:AU9 · p.1AULabour market
More paths to employment
New pathways into the labour market: apprenticeships and gig jobs
What's at stake: The outcome affects what forms of employment are available for entering the labour market, including for young people and other groups currently without a foothold, as well as what conditions and pay levels would apply to such an employment form.
Case texts and AI reasoning are AI-translated from the Swedish originals; the Swedish text is authoritative.
What the vote decides
The vote concerns whether a new, broader form of apprenticeship should be introduced and investigated as a complement to today's upper-secondary apprenticeship, or whether the issue should be left to the labour-market parties since reforms in the area should be well anchored with them.
Yes Yes — the committee proposal
The committee rejects the motions. There is already an upper-secondary apprenticeship, which the committee sees as a useful form of employment, but the committee is not prepared to take the initiative to introduce a further form of apprenticeship. It emphasizes that reforms in the field of labour law should be well anchored with the labour-market parties, and that, as far as the committee is aware, there is no ongoing discussion between the parties about a new form of apprenticeship.
No No — the reservations
Reservation 1 (SD)
The reservation argues that a new form of apprenticeship should be introduced, inspired by successful international examples but adapted to conditions in the Swedish labour market. Unlike the committee, the reservation holds that apprenticeship should not be limited to any specific category of job seeker, but instead be driven by labour-market needs, with pay set as a percentage of the entry-level wage agreed by the parties within each industry. It calls on the government to investigate the possibility of introducing such an employment form.
Summarised from the committee report. Party labels in the summary come from the report, not from the vote.
What do the votes mean here?
Yes The committee proposal: rejecting the motions (keeping things as they are).
No Backing the counter-proposal: reservation 1 by SD.
Abstain The party marks a position of its own that is not one of the two final alternatives.
The decision would have held
Explicit commitments that contradicted the vote: KDKristdemokraterna
Ja 219–63Ja 203–79
Counterfactual: the parties above are moved to the position their own documents explicitly point at, carrying their whole contingent present. Every other party keeps its real figures, including dissenters and absentees.
How the AI parties would have voted
For each party: what its own plan – election manifesto and party programme – argues for in this case, next to how the party actually voted. The AI can only answer Yes or No; a party can also abstain.
| AI | Vote | Confidence | Evidence | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V | Yes | Yes 20/0/0/4 | match | confidence: medium | derived |
| S | Yes | Yes 94/0/0/13 | match | confidence: medium | derived |
| MP | Yes | Yes 16/0/0/2 | match | confidence: medium | derived |
| C | No | Abstain 0/0/20/4 | differs | confidence: medium | derived |
| L | No | Yes 13/0/0/3 | differs | confidence: medium | derived |
| KD | No | Yes 16/0/0/3 | differsagainst own programme | confidence: medium | explicit |
| M | No | Yes 60/0/0/8 | differs | confidence: medium | not addressed |
| SD | No | No 0/63/0/10 | match | confidence: high | explicit |
Committee proposal
Parliament rejects the motions 2022/23:852 by Jonny Cato et al. (C) items 4 and 16, 2022/23:943 by Tobias Andersson et al. (SD) item 5, and 2022/23:961 by Magnus Persson et al. (SD) item 1.
Original (Swedish)
Riksdagen avslår motionerna 2022/23:852 av Jonny Cato m.fl. (C) yrkandena 4 och 16, 2022/23:943 av Tobias Andersson m.fl. (SD) yrkande 5 och 2022/23:961 av Magnus Persson m.fl. (SD) yrkande 1.
Riksdag decision: Parliament said no to approximately 80 proposals concerning labour market policy issues. The motions concern, among other things, the Swedish Public Employment Service (Arbetsförmedlingen), labour market policy initiatives, and unemployment insurance. The proposals were submitted during the general motion period of 2022. Parliament rejects the motions and refers, among other things, to ongoing investigative work in the area.
Counter-proposals
- The counter-proposal wants to introduce apprenticeships guided by labor market needs with compensation based on sector entry wages. (SD) — Reservation 1
Plan vs actual vote
Every party, in chamber order: what its own plan pointed to, how it voted, and the reasoning behind both. Highlighted rows are where the two differ — but a vote that follows the plan is a result too, so the reasoning is there for every party.
The plan's decisive commitment is that permanent employment shall be re-established as the norm and that low-wage jobs and new insecure employment forms are rejected as a cynical exploitation of people.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan's decisive commitment is that permanent employment shall be re-established as the norm and that low-wage jobs and new insecure employment forms are rejected as a cynical exploitation of people. The plan also requires that politics respect the Swedish model and not introduce labour law changes over the parties' heads. A new apprenticeship arrangement with lower compensation than the starting wage therefore conflicts with the plan.
Original (Swedish)
Planens avgörande åtagande är att tillsvidareanställningen ska återupprättas som norm och att låglönejobb och nya otrygga anställningsformer avvisas som ett cyniskt utnyttjande av människor. Planen kräver också att politiken respekterar den svenska modellen och inte inför arbetsrättsliga förändringar över parternas huvuden. En ny lärlingsanställning med lägre ersättning än ingångslönen strider därför mot planen.
- no to low-wage jobsdecisive»När högerpartier förespråkar låglönejobb och begränsad välfärd för de av oss som inte är födda i Sverige bygger det på ett cyniskt utnyttjande av människor, ibland förklätt till antirasism.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“When right-wing parties advocate low-wage jobs and limited welfare for those of us not born in Sweden, it is built on cynical exploitation of people, sometimes disguised as anti-racism.”
- permanent employment as norm»Tillsvidareanställningen som faktisk norm på arbetsmarknaden« (party programme ↗)“Permanent employment as the actual norm on the labour market”
- respect for the Swedish model»Men för att förhandlingarna ska vara rättvisa behöver politiken respektera den svenska modellen, där politiker inte hotar den ena parten med försämringar om den inte ger med sig.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“But for negotiations to be fair, politics needs to respect the Swedish model, where politicians do not threaten one party with deteriorations if it does not give in.”
- insecure employment forms»Otryggheten skapas genom tillfälliga anställningar, sms-jobb, gig-jobb, deltidsjobb och bemanningsjobb.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Insecurity is created through temporary employment, SMS jobs, gig work, part-time jobs and temporary staffing jobs.”
The plan is based on conditions and wages being determined by the parties in collective agreements and jobs having Swedish wages and collective agreements, with strong labour law as protection.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan is based on conditions and wages being determined by the parties in collective agreements and jobs having Swedish wages and collective agreements, with strong labour law as protection. A new legally regulated employment form with compensation set as a percentage of entry-level wage moves wage formation to the legislator and risks the conditions, which goes against the plan. Apprenticeships are not explicitly addressed, which is why the conclusion is derived from the party principle.
Original (Swedish)
Planen bygger på att villkor och löner bestäms av parterna i kollektivavtal och att jobb ska ha svenska löner och kollektivavtal, med stark arbetsrätt som skydd. En ny lagreglerad anställningsform med ersättning satt som en procentsats av ingångslönen flyttar lönebildningen till lagstiftaren och riskerar villkoren, vilket går emot planen. Lärlingsanställningar behandlas inte uttryckligen, varför slutsatsen härleds ur partsprincipen.
- wage formation is the parties' responsibilitydecisive»Vi värnar Riksbankens oberoende och ansvar för att stabilisera den allmänna prisnivån och tror på parternas förmåga att ta ansvar för lönebildningen.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“We protect the independence and responsibility of the Riksbank to stabilize the general price level and believe in the parties' ability to take responsibility for wage formation.”
- collective agreements as foundation»löner, arbetsmiljö, arbetstider och anställningsvillkor. Kollektivavtal är en nödvändig« (party programme ↗)“wages, working environment, working hours and employment conditions. Collective agreements are a necessary”
- jobs with agreed conditions»Det skapar tusentals jobb över hela landet här och nu – jobb med svenska löner och kollektivavtal.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“It creates thousands of jobs throughout the country here and now – jobs with Swedish wages and collective agreements.”
- strong labour law»arbetsrättslig lagstiftning behövs som skydd för de anställda.« (party programme ↗)“labour law legislation is needed as protection for employees.”
The plan's decisive commitment is to value the Swedish model, where the parties themselves negotiate conditions, and to achieve secure employment relationships.
Plan documents: party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan's decisive commitment is to value the Swedish model, where the parties themselves negotiate conditions, and to achieve secure employment relationships. A new politically decided employment form with lower compensation risks in turn broadening the part of the labour market with weak attachment and few rights. That the plan wants to give young people pathways into working life does not outweigh this, since according to the plan the path goes through labour law and the parties' agreements.
Original (Swedish)
Planens avgörande åtagande är att värna den svenska modellen, där parterna själva förhandlar fram villkoren, och att åstadkomma trygga anställningsformer. En ny politiskt beslutad anställningsform med lägre ersättning riskerar tvärtom att bredda den del av arbetsmarknaden med svag anknytning och få rättigheter. Att planen vill ge unga vägar in i arbetslivet väger inte upp detta, eftersom vägen enligt planen går via arbetsrätt och parternas avtal.
- the parties decide conditionsdecisive»Vi värnar den svenska modellen där arbetsmarknadens parter gemensamt förhandlar« (party programme ↗)“We value the Swedish model where the labour market parties jointly negotiate”
- secure employment relationships»åstadkomma rimliga arbetsvillkor och trygga« (party programme ↗)“achieve reasonable working conditions and secure”
- value labour law»Vi vill värna en fungerande arbetsrätt« (party programme ↗)“We want to value a functioning labour law”
- pathways for young people»viktigast att ge unga människor vägar in i arbetslivet.« (party programme ↗)“most important to give young people pathways into working life.”
The plan wants to make it easier to employ apprentices and strengthen compensation for businesses' training costs, and create more doors into the labour market.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan wants to make it easier to employ apprentices and strengthen compensation for businesses' training costs, and create more doors into the labour market. To investigate a new apprenticeship employment guided by labour market needs and where compensation is based on the parties' entry wages accords with that line. The plan moreover wants vocational education linked to labour market needs and for the labour market to become more flexible.
Original (Swedish)
Planen vill göra det enklare att anställa lärlingar och stärka ersättningen för företagens utbildningskostnader, samt skapa fler dörrar in till arbetsmarknaden. Att utreda en ny lärlingsanställning som styrs av arbetsmarknadens behov och där ersättningen bygger på parternas ingångslöner ligger i den linjen. Planen vill dessutom att yrkesutbildningen kopplas till arbetsmarknadens behov och att arbetsmarknaden blir mer flexibel.
- facilitate apprentice employmentdecisive»Gör det enklare att anställa elever i yrkesprogram som lärlingar genom att stärka ersättningen för företagens kostnader förknippade med utbildningen.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Make it easier to employ students in vocational programmes as apprentices by strengthening compensation for businesses' costs associated with education.”
- more paths into work»Skapa fler dörrar in till arbetsmarknaden genom fler enkla jobb, det vill säga jobb som inte kräver kvalificerad utbildning. Förenkla och förstärk nystartsjobben och bredda de så kallade etableringsjobben.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Create more doors into the labour market through more simple jobs, that is jobs that do not require qualified education. Simplify and strengthen new-start jobs and broaden the so-called establishment jobs.”
- apprenticeship education to match needs»Lärlings- och yrkesutbildningar kopplade till arbetsmarknadens behov är viktigt.« (party programme ↗)“Apprenticeship and vocational education linked to labour market needs are important.”
- flexible labour market»Svensk arbetsmarknad behöver både mer flexibilitet och mer trygghet.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“The Swedish labour market needs both more flexibility and more security.”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The plan wants to lower the barriers to the labour market and establishes that lower entry wages make it easier for the inexperienced to get their first job, while apprenticeship training with significant employer responsibility shall be a natural alternative.
Plan documents: party programme · 2022 manifesto
Reasoning and quotes
The plan wants to lower the barriers to the labour market and establishes that lower entry wages make it easier for the inexperienced to get their first job, while apprenticeship training with significant employer responsibility shall be a natural alternative. A new apprenticeship with compensation as a proportion of the industry's entry wage therefore lies in the plan's line. The plan presupposes, however, that labour law rests on agreements between the parties.
Original (Swedish)
Planen vill sänka trösklarna till arbetsmarknaden och slår fast att lägre ingångslöner gör det lättare för den utan erfarenhet att få sitt första jobb, samtidigt som lärlingsutbildningar med stort arbetsgivaransvar ska vara ett naturligt alternativ. En ny lärlingsanställning med ersättning som andel av branschens ingångslön ligger därför i planens linje. Planen förutsätter dock att arbetsrätten vilar på avtal mellan parterna.
- lower entry wages to the labour marketdecisive»Lägre ingångslöner gör det lättare för den som saknar erfarenhet att få sitt första jobb.« (party programme ↗)“Lower entry wages make it easier for the inexperienced to get their first job.”
- apprenticeship as a path»Lärlingsutbildningar där arbetsgivarna tar ett stort ansvar ska vara ett« (party programme ↗)“Apprenticeship training where employers take significant responsibility shall be a”
- low barriers to jobs»Framväxten av jobb som inte kräver formella kunskaper eller erfarenheter ska underlättas« (party programme ↗)“The growth of jobs that do not require formal knowledge or experience shall be facilitated”
- cheaper to employ young people»Därför vill vi att det ska bli enklare och billigare att anställa genom att arbetsgivaravgifterna sänks för både småföretagare och för dem som vill anställa unga.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Therefore, we want it to become simpler and cheaper to employ by lowering employer contributions for both small business owners and for those who want to employ young people.”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The plan establishes that a developed apprenticeship system should exist so that not least young people gain vocational and work experience, and that employment protection should provide security without unjustified barriers to the labour market.
Plan documents: party programme · 2022 manifesto
Reasoning and quotes
The plan establishes that a developed apprenticeship system should exist so that not least young people gain vocational and work experience, and that employment protection should provide security without unjustified barriers to the labour market. That investigating a new form of apprenticeship employment governed by the labour market's needs is thus the plan's own line, with more jobs as stated goal. The plan emphasizes simultaneously that conditions are shaped by the labour market parties.
Original (Swedish)
Planen slår fast att ett utvecklat lärlingssystem bör finnas så att inte minst unga får yrkes- och arbetslivserfarenhet, och att anställningsskyddet ska ge trygghet utan omotiverade trösklar in på arbetsmarknaden. Att utreda en ny form av lärlingsanställning styrd av arbetsmarknadens behov är därmed planens egen linje, med fler jobb som uttalat mål. Planen betonar samtidigt att villkoren utformas av arbetsmarknadens parter.
- developed apprenticeship systemdecisive»Ett utvecklat lärlingssystem bör finnas« (party programme ↗)“A developed apprenticeship system should exist”
- no unjustified barriers»skapa rimlig trygghet för de anställda utan att leda till« (party programme ↗)“create reasonable security for the employed without leading to”
- more jobs»FLER JOBB« (2022 manifesto ↗)“MORE JOBS”
- parties shape the terms»Utformningen ska göras av arbetsmarknadens parter.« (party programme ↗)“The design shall be done by the labour market parties.”
The stance rests on the quoted commitment in the party's own documents; the actual vote deviated. Click the quote to verify it in the document.
The plan builds the pathway to jobs on more internship places and significantly reduced employment costs for those far from the labour market, with the goal that as many as possible become employable.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan builds the pathway to jobs on more internship places and significantly reduced employment costs for those far from the labour market, with the goal that as many as possible become employable. A new apprenticeship employment with compensation as a portion of the industry's starting salary is the same kind of entry instrument and according to the counter-proposal is governed by the labour market's needs, which corresponds to the plan's demand for relevant vocational training. The employment form as such is not mentioned in the documents.
Original (Swedish)
Planen bygger vägen till jobb på fler praktikplatser och kraftigt sänkta anställningskostnader för dem som står långt från arbetsmarknaden, med målet att så många som möjligt blir anställningsbara. En ny lärlingsanställning med ersättning som en andel av branschens ingångslön är samma slags instegsinstrument och styrs enligt motförslaget av arbetsmarknadens behov, vilket motsvarar planens krav på relevanta yrkesutbildningar. Anställningsformen som sådan nämns inte i dokumenten.
- more pathways into the labour marketdecisive»Bygga ut antalet praktikplatser med 30 000« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Expand the number of internship places by 30,000”
- lower employment costs»Kraftigt sänka anställningskostnaderna för den som anställer nyanlända och långtidsarbetslösa« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Significantly reduce employment costs for those who employ newly arrived and long-term unemployed”
- labour market needs drive training»De gymnasiala yrkesutbildningarna och vuxenutbildningarna i Sverige måste få ett innehåll som är relevant och eftertraktat.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Sweden's upper secondary vocational training and adult education must have content that is relevant and in demand.”
- more employable»till att så många som möjligt kan vara anställningsbara.« (party programme ↗)“so that as many as possible can be employable.”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The plan explicitly wants to introduce apprenticeships where participants combine practical work, employment and studies, as part of expanded educational initiatives.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto
Reasoning and quotes
The plan explicitly wants to introduce apprenticeships where participants combine practical work, employment and studies, as part of expanded educational initiatives. Investigating a new form of apprenticeship driven by the labour market's needs is exactly this demand. The plan also wants to make it easier and more profitable to employ, while defending the Swedish model.
Original (Swedish)
Planen vill uttryckligen införa lärlingsanställningar där deltagarna kombinerar praktik, arbete och studier, som en del av utökade utbildningsinsatser. Att utreda en ny form av lärlingsanställning styrd av arbetsmarknadens behov är precis detta krav. Planen vill också göra det lättare och mer lönsamt att anställa, samtidigt som den försvarar partsmodellen.
- apprenticeships introduceddecisive»Införa lärlingsanställningar« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Introduce apprenticeships”
- practice combined with studies»Utbildningsinsatser ska utökas på alla nivåer och genom att införa lärlingsanställningar där deltagarna kombinerar praktik, arbete och studier.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Educational initiatives shall be expanded at all levels and by introducing apprenticeships where participants combine practical work, employment and studies.”
- easier to employ»Göra det lättare att anställa och skapa bästa förutsättningar för svensk industri« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Make it easier to employ and create best conditions for Swedish industry”
- the Swedish model defended»Försvara den svenska modellen« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Defend the Swedish model”
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Sources and documents
- The committee report on riksdagen.se (2022/23:AU9)
- Committee report full text (HA01AU9)
- Per-MP voting data (API)
- Case status (API)
Documents under consideration
- Motion 2022/23:1197 — En aktiv arbetsmarknadspolitik i hela landet av Peter Hedberg och Peder Björk (båda S)
- Motion 2022/23:1228 — En fungerande sjukförsäkring av Ida Gabrielsson m.fl. (V)
- Motion 2022/23:1231 — Ett hållbart småföretagande av Lorena Delgado Varas m.fl. (V)
- Motion 2022/23:1245 — Ordning och reda på arbetsmarknaden av Ciczie Weidby m.fl. (V)
- Motion 2022/23:1356 — En stark arbetslöshetsförsäkring av Kristoffer Lindberg m.fl. (S)
- Motion 2022/23:1362 — Arbetsmarknadspolitiska insatser i form av utbildningar av Mikael Dahlqvist m.fl. (S)
- Motion 2022/23:1379 — En offensiv storstadspolitik av Joakim Sandell (S)
- Motion 2022/23:1479 — Grundkrav på kollektivavtal av Annette Rydell och Heléne Björklund (båda S)
- Motion 2022/23:1534 — Självförsörjningsmål av Hans Eklind och Yusuf Aydin (båda KD)
- Motion 2022/23:1550 — Trygghet för företagare av Mathias Tegnér och Jennie Nilsson (båda S)
- Motion 2022/23:1560 — Arbetsmarknad som fungerar för alla människor i Sverige av Denis Begic (S)
- Motion 2022/23:1672 — En levande landsbygd för Sveriges bästa av Annie Lööf m.fl. (C)
- Motion 2022/23:1711 — Fackligt samråd vid arbetsmarknadspolitiska insatser av Johan Andersson m.fl. (S)
- Motion 2022/23:1805 — Utbildning för taxiförarlegitimation av Magnus Jacobsson (KD)
- Motion 2022/23:1988 — Kompetensförsörjning för grön omställning av Isak From m.fl. (S)
- Motion 2022/23:2019 — Behovet av insatser för att stärka arbetsmarknaden av Dzenan Cisija m.fl. (S)
- Motion 2022/23:202 — Proportionalitet gällande återbetalning av lönebidrag av Helena Lindahl (C)
- Motion 2022/23:2032 — Arbetsförmedlingen ska finnas i hela landet av Heléne Björklund m.fl. (S)
- Motion 2022/23:2052 — Utgiftsområde 14 Arbetsmarknad och arbetsliv av Teresa Carvalho m.fl. (S)
- Motion 2022/23:2062 — En politik för ekonomisk resiliens och stärkt konkurrenskraft av Fredrik Olovsson m.fl. (S)
Source: The Swedish Parliament