2023-05-102022/23:SkU13 · p.7SkUTaxation

F-tax and business operations

F-tax status and the boundary against involuntary self-employment

What's at stake: The decision affects people who are pressured to invoice as F-tax holders instead of being employed – which shifts responsibility for insurance and social contributions onto them – as well as employers whose obligations such as employment protection and co-determination then do not apply in the same way.

Case texts and AI reasoning are AI-translated from the Swedish originals; the Swedish text is authoritative.

What the vote decides

The question is whether current rules for granting and revoking F-tax status should remain pending ongoing review work, or whether the Tax Agency should get sharper tools – such as time limits, higher conduct requirements, and expanded power to revoke F-tax status – to counter workers being pressured into involuntary self-employment.

Yes Yes — the committee proposal

The committee opposes the motions and points out that the Tax Agency already has good scope to assess whether F-tax status is being abused and to report the need for regulatory changes to the government, and refers to the fact that the F-tax inquiry's proposals are already being processed within the Government Offices.

No No — the reservations

Reservation 9 (S)

S wants the Tax Agency to get better legal tools to follow up F-tax holders, with the ability to time-limit approvals, set higher conduct requirements, and more easily revoke F-tax status, to counter workers being forced into involuntary self-employment that lets employers avoid social contributions and labour-law responsibilities.

Summarised from the committee report. Party labels in the summary come from the report, not from the vote.

VSMPCLKDMSD
YesNoAbstainAbsent

What do the votes mean here?

Yes The committee proposal: rejecting the motions (keeping things as they are).

No Backing the counter-proposal: reservation 9 by S.

Abstain The party marks a position of its own that is not one of the two final alternatives.

What each plan points to — and how the party voted

For each party: the vote its own election manifesto and party programme point to in this case, next to how the party actually voted. A plan can only point to Yes or No; a party can also abstain.

PlanVoteConfidenceEvidence
VNoAbstain 0/0/21/3departs from the planconfidence: highnot addressed
Sown reservationNoNo 0/94/0/13follows the planconfidence: mediumnot addressed
MPNoYes 14/0/0/4departs from the planconfidence: mediumnot addressed
CYesYes 21/0/0/3follows the planconfidence: mediumnot addressed
LYesYes 14/0/0/2follows the planconfidence: lownot addressed
KDYesYes 15/0/0/4follows the planconfidence: mediumnot addressed
MYesYes 60/0/0/8follows the planconfidence: mediumnot addressed
SDNoYes 63/0/0/9departs from the planconfidence: lownot addressed

Committee proposal

The Riksdag rejects the motions 2022/23:485 by Mattias Ottosson et al. (S), 2022/23:1033 by Johanna Haraldsson et al. (S), 2022/23:1069 by Alexandra Anstrell (M), 2022/23:1245 by Ciczie Weidby et al. (V) amendments 6-8 and 34 and 2022/23:2138 by Niklas Karlsson et al. (S) amendment 9.

Original (Swedish)

Riksdagen avslår motionerna 2022/23:485 av Mattias Ottosson m.fl. (S), 2022/23:1033 av Johanna Haraldsson m.fl. (S), 2022/23:1069 av Alexandra Anstrell (M), 2022/23:1245 av Ciczie Weidby m.fl. (V) yrkandena 6-8 och 34 samt 2022/23:2138 av Niklas Karlsson m.fl. (S) yrkande 9.

Riksdag decision: The Riksdag rejected approximately seventy proposals in motions from the regular motion period 2022 on tax procedure. The reason is, among other things, that work is already underway on the issues covered by the motions. The motions include multiple proposals for making taxes and fees transparent, while other proposals concern F-tax, control statements and tax return issues. Further proposals relate to tax and fee control, including a national action plan against tax fraud, undeclared work and strengthened measures against tax fraud. A number of proposals concern the rules on certified cash registers, payroll registers and personal liability for company representatives. The committee also addresses proposals concerning the rules on deferrals for paying taxes, compensation for costs in tax cases, legal certainty in tax matters, late-payment fees, reduced tax administration for companies and tax treaties.

Counter-proposals

Plan vs actual vote

Every party, in chamber order: what its own plan pointed to, how it voted, and the reasoning behind both. Highlighted rows are where the two differ — but a vote that follows the plan is a result too, so the reasoning is there for every party.

VVänsterpartietNoAbstaindeparts from the plannot addressed

The party programme describes how people are forced into self-employment to support themselves and requires that law prevents the employer's practical exemption from responsibility through chains of contracts.

Plan documents: party programme · 2022 manifesto

Reasoning and quotes

The party programme describes how people are forced into self-employment to support themselves and requires that law prevents the employer's practical exemption from responsibility through chains of contracts. Permanent employment should be re-established as the norm on the labor market. The counter-proposal's demands for better legal tools to time-limit and revoke F-tax status, in order to counter involuntary self-employment that lets employers escape social contributions and labor law responsibility, directly answer these commitments.

Original (Swedish)

Partiprogrammet beskriver hur människor tvingas till privatföretagande för att kunna försörja sig och kräver att lagen förhindrar arbetsgivarens praktiska ansvarsfriskrivelse genom kedjor av kontrakt. Tillsvidareanställningen ska återupprättas som norm på arbetsmarknaden. Motförslagets krav på bättre rättsliga verktyg för att tidsbegränsa och återkalla F-skatt, i syfte att motverka ofrivilligt egenföretagande som låter arbetsgivare slippa sociala avgifter och arbetsrättsligt ansvar, svarar direkt mot dessa åtaganden.

  • involuntary self-employmentdecisive»Många har tvingats till privatföretagande för att kunna försörja sig.« (party programme ↗)“Many have been forced into self-employment to be able to support themselves.”
  • stop exemption from responsibility»förhindra arbetsgivarens praktiska ansvarsfriskrivelse genom olika kedjor av kontrakt.« (party programme ↗)“prevent the employer's practical exemption from responsibility through different chains of contracts.”
  • permanent employment as norm»Tillsvidareanställningen som faktisk norm på arbetsmarknaden« (party programme ↗)“Permanent employment as the actual norm on the labor market”
  • combat wage dumping»Lönedumpning, ekonomisk brottslighet och utnyttjande är centrala hot idag.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Wage dumping, economic crime and exploitation are central threats today.”

The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.

SSocialdemokraternaNoNofollows the plannot addressed

The election manifesto demands action against workplace crime and that tax fraud and welfare crime are stopped, and that no one should be able to gain competitive advantages by neglecting the conditions of employees.

Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme

Reasoning and quotes

The election manifesto demands action against workplace crime and that tax fraud and welfare crime are stopped, and that no one should be able to gain competitive advantages by neglecting the conditions of employees. The party programme states that strong employment law legislation is needed as protection for employees and that all employees have the right to good working conditions and secure livelihood. Better tools against misuse of F-tax and involuntary self-employment thereby follow from the plan.

Original (Swedish)

Valmanifestet kräver krafttag mot arbetslivskriminaliteten och att skattefusk och välfärdsbrottslighet stoppas, och att ingen ska kunna skaffa konkurrensfördelar genom att försumma de anställdas villkor. Partiprogrammet slår fast att en stark arbetsrättslig lagstiftning behövs som skydd för de anställda och att alla anställda har rätt till goda arbetsvillkor och trygg försörjning. Bättre verktyg mot missbruk av F-skatt och ofrivilligt egenföretagande följer därmed av planen.

  • combat workplace crimedecisive»Krafttag mot arbetslivskriminaliteten. Arbetslivs kriminalitet ska inte finnas på svensk arbetsmarknad och offentliga arbetsgivare och upphandlare ska vara föredömen i att verka för en sund konkurrens.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Action against workplace crime. Workplace crime shall not exist in the Swedish labour market and public employers and purchasers shall be models in promoting fair competition.”
  • stop tax fraud»Skattefusk, välfärdsbrottslighet och penningtvätt ska stoppas.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Tax fraud, welfare crime and money laundering shall be stopped.”
  • strong employment law»arbetsrättslig lagstiftning behövs som skydd för de anställda.« (party programme ↗)“employment law legislation is needed as protection for employees.”
  • secure employment conditions»goda arbetsvillkor, trygg försörjning och inflytande över det egna arbetet.« (party programme ↗)“good working conditions, secure livelihood and influence over one's own work.”

flags: citat_migrerat

MPMiljöpartietNoYesdeparts from the plannot addressed

The party programme states that the state through legislation and oversight shall see to it that sound conditions prevail on the market and that working conditions for those with weak connection to the labor market must be improved.

Plan documents: party programme

Reasoning and quotes

The party programme states that the state through legislation and oversight shall see to it that sound conditions prevail on the market and that working conditions for those with weak connection to the labor market must be improved. The counter-proposal's demand for better legal tools against abuse of self-employment status, to counter involuntary self-employment, is an application of these commitments together with the programme's demand to stop companies' tax avoidance. The plan does not mention self-employment status as such.

Original (Swedish)

Partiprogrammet säger att staten genom lagstiftning och övervakning ska se till att sunda villkor råder på marknaden och att arbetsvillkoren för dem med svag anknytning till arbetsmarknaden måste förbättras. Motförslagets krav på bättre rättsliga verktyg mot missbruk av F-skatt, för att motverka ofrivilligt egenföretagande, är en tillämpning av dessa åtaganden tillsammans med programmets krav att stoppa företags skatteflykt. Planen nämner inte F-skatten som sådan.

  • sound market conditionsdecisive»Staten ska genom lagstiftning och övervakning se till att sunda villkor råder på marknaden.« (party programme ↗)“The state shall through legislation and oversight see to it that sound conditions prevail on the market.”
  • value labor law»Vi vill värna en fungerande arbetsrätt och ge arbetstagare inflytande över både arbetets innehåll och arbetstiden.« (party programme ↗)“We want to value a functioning labor law and give workers influence over both the content and time of work.”
  • better conditions for the weakly attached»Deras arbetsvillkor måste förbättras.« (party programme ↗)“Their working conditions must be improved.”
  • stop tax evasion»Företags skatteflykt ska stoppas.« (party programme ↗)“Companies' tax avoidance shall be stopped.”

The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.

CCenterpartietYesYesfollows the plannot addressed

The plan's overarching commitment is that it shall be easy to start and run a business and that the regulatory maze shall be cleared away, not expanded.

Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme

Reasoning and quotes

The plan's overarching commitment is that it shall be easy to start and run a business and that the regulatory maze shall be cleared away, not expanded. Time-limited approvals, higher diligence requirements and easier withdrawal of F-tax status (tax registration for self-employed) place new administrative hurdles on exactly the smallest businesses, which the plan says are most sensitive to bureaucracy. The plan also requires given and predictable rules.

Original (Swedish)

Planens bärande åtagande är att det ska vara lätt att starta och driva företag och att regelträsket ska rensas upp, inte utökas. Tidsbegränsade godkännanden, högre skötsamhetskrav och lättare återkallelse av F-skatt lägger nya administrativa hinder på just de minsta företagen, som planen säger är känsligast för byråkrati. Planen kräver dessutom givna och förutsägbara spelregler.

  • simpler rules for businessesdecisive»Rensa upp i regelträsket för entreprenörer, stora som små. Vi vill införa en ny och förenklad företagsform för mikroföretag, så att fler ska våga testa att driva företag.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Clear away the regulatory maze for entrepreneurs, large and small. We want to introduce a new and simplified business form for microenterprises, so that more people dare to try running a business.”
  • easy to run a business»Det ska vara lätt att starta och driva företag; det ska löna sig att ta klivet och satsa.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“It should be easy to start and run a business; it should be rewarding to take the step and commit.”
  • predictable rules»Ekonomin ska ha givna och förutsägbara spelregler« (party programme ↗)“The economy shall have given and predictable rules”
  • bureaucracy hits small businesses»Små och nystartade företag har svårare att få tillgång till kapital och att bära omfattande byråkrati, är känsligare« (party programme ↗)“Small and newly started businesses have greater difficulty accessing capital and bearing extensive bureaucracy, are more sensitive”
LLiberalernaYesYesfollows the plannot addressed

The plan values livelihood enterprise as a way to broaden the labour market and increase people's freedom, requires reduced regulatory burden for small businesses and wants to adapt the tax system to the growing sharing economy.

Plan documents: party programme · 2022 manifesto

Reasoning and quotes

The plan values livelihood enterprise as a way to broaden the labour market and increase people's freedom, requires reduced regulatory burden for small businesses and wants to adapt the tax system to the growing sharing economy. Time-limited F-tax approvals, higher conduct requirements and easier revocation go in the opposite direction and raise thresholds for self-employment. The plan's requirement for fair competition and rules of the game that make it easy to do right pulls in the other direction, which makes the conclusion uncertain.

Original (Swedish)

Planen värnar levebrödsföretagandet som en väg att vidga arbetsmarknaden och öka människors frihet, kräver minskad regelbörda för små företag och vill anpassa skattesystemet till den växande delningsekonomin. Tidsbegränsade F-skattegodkännanden, högre skötsamhetskrav och lättare återkallelse går i motsatt riktning och höjer trösklarna för eget företagande. Planens krav på sund konkurrens och spelregler som gör det lätt att göra rätt drar åt andra hållet, vilket gör slutsatsen osäker.

  • value livelihood enterprisedecisive»Goda möjligheter att försörja sig själv genom företagande – så kallat levebrödsföretagande – vidgar« (party programme ↗)“Good opportunities to support oneself through enterprise—so-called livelihood enterprise—broadens”
  • reduced regulatory burden»Regelbördan för små företag ska minska, genom ansträngningar på både kommunal, statlig och europeisk« (party programme ↗)“Regulatory burden for small businesses shall decrease, through efforts at municipal, state and European”
  • adaptation to sharing economy»En startup-kommission ska tillsättas och skattesystemet anpassas bättre till den växande delningsekonomin.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“A startup commission shall be established and the tax system adapted better to the growing sharing economy.”
  • fair competition»Vi vill ha spelregler som gör det lätt att göra rätt« (party programme ↗)“We want rules of the game that make it easy to do right”
KDKristdemokraternaYesYesfollows the plannot addressed

The plan's central commitment in this area is that tax rules shall be shaped as simply as possible to facilitate small business enterprise and that incoming laws shall be tested from a small business perspective.

Plan documents: party programme

Reasoning and quotes

The plan's central commitment in this area is that tax rules shall be shaped as simply as possible to facilitate small business enterprise and that incoming laws shall be tested from a small business perspective. Time-limited F-tax clearances and higher diligence requirements impose instead new requirements on precisely the smallest businesses, where personal initiative according to the plan forms the foundation. That the state shall oversee that legislation and good ethics are upheld speaks partly in favour of the proposal but does not outweigh this.

Original (Swedish)

Planens bärande åtagande på området är att skatteregler ska utformas så enkelt som möjligt för att underlätta för småföretagsamhet och att tillkommande lagar prövas ur ett småföretagarperspektiv. Tidsbegränsade F-skattegodkännanden och högre skötsamhetskrav lägger i stället nya krav på just de minsta företagen, där det personliga initiativet enligt planen är grunden. Att staten ska övervaka att lagstiftning och god etik upprätthålls talar delvis för förslaget men väger inte över.

  • simple tax rules for small businessesdecisive»viktigt att skattereglerna utformas så enkelt som möjligt« (party programme ↗)“important that tax rules are shaped as simply as possible”
  • small business perspective on new laws»regler ska motverkas. Direkta företagssubventioner avvisas. Tillkommande lagar bör prövas ur ett småföretagarperspektiv.« (party programme ↗)“rules shall be counteracted. Direct business subsidies are rejected. Incoming laws should be tested from a small business perspective.”
  • personal initiative in business»Det personliga initiativet utgör grunden för nyföretagande.« (party programme ↗)“Personal initiative forms the foundation for new business enterprise.”
  • the state upholds ethics on the market»lagstiftningen och en god etik upprätthålls på marknaden.« (party programme ↗)“legislation and good ethics are upheld on the market.”
MModeraternaYesYesfollows the plannot addressed

The plan promises to remove one-third of companies' administrative costs and regulatory burden and to ensure that conditions for starting and growing are good, with rewarded risk-taking.

Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme

Reasoning and quotes

The plan promises to remove one-third of companies' administrative costs and regulatory burden and to ensure that conditions for starting and growing are good, with rewarded risk-taking. Time-limited F-tax approvals, higher diligence requirements and easier revocation point in the opposite direction and increase uncertainty for the self-employed. The plan also wants to shorten the authorities' processing time, not expand their examination of enterprises.

Original (Swedish)

Planen lovar att ta bort en tredjedel av företagens administrationskostnader och regelkrångel och att villkoren för att starta och växa ska vara goda, med belönat risktagande. Tidsbegränsade F-skattegodkännanden, högre skötsamhetskrav och lättare återkallelse pekar i motsatt riktning och ökar osäkerheten för egenföretagaren. Planen vill dessutom korta myndigheternas handläggning, inte utöka deras prövning av företagare.

  • reduced regulatory burdendecisive»Ta bort en tredjedel av företagens administrationskostnader och en tredjedel av regelkrånglet« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Remove one-third of companies' administrative costs and one-third of regulatory burden”
  • good conditions for enterprise»Villkoren för att starta, växa och expandera behöver vara goda för att fler ska våga lämna trygga och välbetalda jobb för att starta företag.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Conditions for starting, growing and expanding need to be good so that more people dare to leave secure and well-paid jobs to start a business.”
  • rewarded risk-taking»Risktagande ska därför belönas.« (party programme ↗)“Risk-taking should therefore be rewarded.”
  • limited government review»Korta myndigheternas handläggningstider genom en bortre tidsgräns« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Shorten the authorities' processing times through a final time limit”
SDSverigedemokraternaNoYesdeparts from the plannot addressed

The plan wants to counter both fraud and systems that invite fraud and corruption, and values wage earners' position and the Swedish model.

Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme

Reasoning and quotes

The plan wants to counter both fraud and systems that invite fraud and corruption, and values wage earners' position and the Swedish model. Better tools for the tax authority to monitor and revoke provisional tax status target precisely such circumvention of social charges and employment law responsibility. The plan's requirement for regulatory simplification pulls in the opposite direction, which makes the assessment uncertain.

Original (Swedish)

Planen vill motverka både fusk och system som lockar till fusk och korruption, och värnar löntagarnas ställning och den svenska modellen. Bättre verktyg för skattemyndigheten att följa upp och återkalla F-skatt riktar sig mot just sådant kringgående av sociala avgifter och arbetsrättsligt ansvar. Planens krav på regelförenkling drar i motsatt riktning, vilket gör bedömningen osäker.

  • counter fraud and corruptiondecisive»Både fusk och sådana system som tenderar att locka till fusk och korruption ska motverkas.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Both fraud and systems that tend to invite fraud and corruption shall be countered.”
  • protect wage earners' position»Svenska löntagares trygghet och ställning ska värnas på arbetsmarknaden« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Swedish wage earners' security and position shall be protected in the labour market”
  • defend the Swedish model»Sverigedemokraterna försvarar grunderna i den svenska modellen« (party programme ↗)“Sweden Democrats defend the foundations of the Swedish model”
  • regulatory simplification for businesses»Verka för regelförenkling och avlasta småföretagens administrativa börda« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Work toward regulatory simplification and relieve small businesses' administrative burden”

The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.

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Sources and documents

Documents under consideration

Source: The Swedish Parliament