2024-01-242023/24:FöU2 · p.1FöUDefence
Strengthened capacity
Strengthened capability against cyber threats and information influence
What's at stake: Cyberattacks and information influence operations can divide society, undermine trust in democracy and damage important societal functions, and how much weight is placed on strengthening capability affects how well Sweden is equipped against such threats from both states and other actors.
Case texts and AI reasoning are AI-translated from the Swedish originals; the Swedish text is authoritative.
What the vote decides
The question is whether society's overall capability to prevent and counter cyberattacks and information influence operations needs to be further strengthened across both the public and private sectors, or whether the measures already under way are sufficient.
Yes Yes — the committee proposal
The committee welcomes the measures already taken on information and cyber security, including work on a new cybersecurity strategy, a national security council, increased resources for the Government Offices and skills-building efforts by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB), and considers that this provides good conditions for coordinated governance, and the motions are therefore rejected.
No No — the reservations
Reservation 2 (MP)
The reservation (MP) wants Sweden's ability to prevent and counter cyberattacks strengthened across all parts of society, both public and private, pointing out that modern warfare exploits weaknesses and polarisation in society, that information influence operations and cyberattacks are conducted by both states and other actors, and that even economically motivated attacks can cause serious disruption to important societal functions.
Summarised from the committee report. Party labels in the summary come from the report, not from the vote.
What do the votes mean here?
Yes The committee proposal: rejecting the motions (keeping things as they are).
No Backing the counter-proposal: reservation 2 by MP.
Abstain The party marks a position of its own that is not one of the two final alternatives.
The decision would have held
Explicit commitments that contradicted the vote: MModeraterna
Ja 190–15Ja 130–75
Counterfactual: the parties above are moved to the position their own documents explicitly point at, carrying their whole contingent present. Every other party keeps its real figures, including dissenters and absentees.
How the AI parties would have voted
For each party: what its own plan – election manifesto and party programme – argues for in this case, next to how the party actually voted. The AI can only answer Yes or No; a party can also abstain.
| AI | Vote | Confidence | Evidence | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V | No | Yes 19/0/0/5 | differs | confidence: medium | not addressed |
| S | No | Abstain 0/0/94/13 | differs | confidence: high | explicit |
| MP | No | No 0/15/0/3 | match | confidence: low | not addressed |
| C | No | Yes 20/0/0/4 | differs | confidence: medium | not addressed |
| L | No | Yes 12/0/0/4 | differs | confidence: medium | not addressed |
| KD | No | Yes 16/0/0/3 | differs | confidence: medium | not addressed |
| M | No | Yes 60/0/0/8 | differsagainst own programme | confidence: medium | explicit |
| SD | No | Yes 62/0/0/10 | differs | confidence: medium | derived |
Committee proposal
Parliament rejects motions 2023/24:415 by Jimmy Ståhl et al. (SD) demand 7, 2023/24:1903 by Peter Hedberg and Malin Larsson (both S), 2023/24:2450 by Emma Berginger et al. (MP) demand 5 and 2023/24:2564 by Peter Hultqvist et al. (S) demand 60.
Original (Swedish)
Riksdagen avslår motionerna 2023/24:415 av Jimmy Ståhl m.fl. (SD) yrkande 7, 2023/24:1903 av Peter Hedberg och Malin Larsson (båda S), 2023/24:2450 av Emma Berginger m.fl. (MP) yrkande 5 och 2023/24:2564 av Peter Hultqvist m.fl. (S) yrkande 60.
Riksdag decision: Parliament has deliberated a letter from the government concerning the National Audit Office's review of the government's management of society's information and cyber security. The National Audit Office's overall conclusion is that the government's work in this area is not effectively designed. According to the National Audit Office, strategic considerations and priorities for information and cyber security work are lacking. The National Audit Office therefore provided recommendations to the government on how the new national information and cyber security strategy should be designed to address the shortcomings. In its letter, the government agrees with the National Audit Office's observations. It has taken a long time to establish the National Cyber Security Center (NCSC). The division of responsibility within the center also makes the operations difficult to manage and monitor. The Ministry of Defence has commissioned a person to both provide proposals on how the Swedish Defence Radio Institute (FRA) should be assigned primary responsibility for the NCSC and to review the center's organization and management. Parliament views positively the measures that the government announces in the letter. With this, Parliament placed the government's letter with the records, that is, concluded the matter.
Counter-proposals
- The counter-proposal wants to increase cybersecurity in the public sector and in particularly critical parts of society. (MP) — Reservation 2
Plan vs actual vote
Every party, in chamber order: what its own plan pointed to, how it voted, and the reasoning behind both. Highlighted rows are where the two differ — but a vote that follows the plan is a result too, so the reasoning is there for every party.
The plan requires that the state increases its control over society-critical infrastructure and that privatized society-critical activities are taken back, and that public ownership is strong in key sectors such as communications.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan requires that the state increases its control over society-critical infrastructure and that privatized society-critical activities are taken back, and that public ownership is strong in key sectors such as communications. Strengthening the ability to prevent and meet cyber-attacks in all parts of society, both public and private, follows from this. The plan does not, however, express itself on cyber-security strategies as such.
Original (Swedish)
Planen kräver att staten ökar sin kontroll över samhällsviktig infrastruktur och att privatiserad samhällsviktig verksamhet återtas, och att samhällsägandet är starkt i nyckelsektorer som kommunikationer. Att stärka förmågan att förebygga och möta cyberangrepp i alla delar av samhället, både offentligt och privat, följer av detta. Planen uttalar sig dock inte om cybersäkerhetsstrategier som sådana.
- state control over infrastructuredecisive»Staten måste öka sin kontroll över infrastruktur och resurser som behövs för att genomföra klimatomställningen.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“The state must increase its control over infrastructure and resources needed to implement the climate transition.”
- take back society-critical activities»Det är hög tid att agera och ta tillbaka den samhällsviktiga verksamhet och infrastruktur som har privatiserats.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“It is high time to act and take back the society-critical activities and infrastructure that have been privatized.”
- public control over key sectors»transportsystem, kommunikationer och övrig infrastruktur, finansiell sektor, bostadsproduktion, energiförsörjning, strategiska naturtillgångar och så vidare. Samhällsägda företag ska vara föredömen« (party programme ↗)“transport systems, communications and other infrastructure, financial sector, housing production, energy supply, strategic natural resources and so on. Public companies should be the models”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The plan explicitly states that work to resist cyberattacks and disinformation shall be strengthened and that Sweden must be able to defend itself against hybrid attacks, espionage and cyberattacks.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan explicitly states that work to resist cyberattacks and disinformation shall be strengthened and that Sweden must be able to defend itself against hybrid attacks, espionage and cyberattacks. The counter-proposal's requirement for strengthened capacity throughout society, both public and private sector, is precisely this commitment. The plan's rearming of civil defence points in the same direction.
Original (Swedish)
Planen slår uttryckligen fast att arbetet för att stå emot cyberattacker och desinformation ska stärkas och att Sverige måste kunna försvara sig mot hybridattacker, spionage och cyberangrepp. Motförslagets krav på stärkt förmåga i alla delar av samhället, både offentlig och privat sektor, är just detta åtagande. Planens upprustning av det civila försvaret pekar i samma riktning.
- strengthened cyber capacitydecisive»Arbetet för att stärka förmågan att stå emot cyberattacker och desinformation ska stärkas.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Work to strengthen the capacity to resist cyberattacks and disinformation shall be strengthened.”
- defence against hybrid threats»Vi måste kunna försvara oss militärt, men också mot hybridattacker, spionage och cyberangrepp.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“We must be able to defend ourselves militarily, but also against hybrid attacks, espionage and cyberattacks.”
- rearmed civil defence»Arbetet att förstärka det civila försvaret och krisberedskapen måste fortsätta« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Work to strengthen civil defence and crisis preparedness must continue”
- protection of critical infrastructure»störningar av kritisk infrastruktur som el,« (party programme ↗)“disruptions of critical infrastructure such as electricity,”
The stance rests on the quoted commitment in the party's own documents; the actual vote deviated. Click the quote to verify it in the document.
The plan counts threats to IT and other communications systems as among the new threats and wants to increase allocations to crisis preparedness and make society less vulnerable to unforeseen disruptions.
Plan documents: party programme · 2022 manifesto
Reasoning and quotes
The plan counts threats to IT and other communications systems as among the new threats and wants to increase allocations to crisis preparedness and make society less vulnerable to unforeseen disruptions. It also states that policy should stay ahead and prevent catastrophes from occurring. Strengthening the capacity to prevent and meet cyber attacks in both the public and private sectors follows from these commitments, even though the plan does not address the organization of cyber defence.
Original (Swedish)
Planen räknar hot mot IT- och andra kommunikationssystem till de nya hoten och vill öka anslagen till krisberedskapen samt göra samhället mindre sårbart för oförutsedda störningar. Den slår också fast att politiken ska ligga steget före och förhindra att katastrofer inträffar. Att stärka förmågan att förebygga och möta cyberangrepp i både offentlig och privat sektor följer av dessa åtaganden, även om planen inte behandlar cyberförsvarets organisation.
- vulnerable social infrastructuredecisive»Samhället förlitar sig i dag i alltför hög grad på en« (party programme ↗)“Society relies today too heavily on a”
- IT threats as security threats»energibrist, terrorism och hot mot IT- och andra« (party programme ↗)“energy shortages, terrorism and threats to IT and other”
- strengthened civil crisis preparedness»satsa en större andel av försvarets pengar på det civila försvaret, och öka anslagen till krisberedskap.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“allocate a larger share of defence spending to civil defence, and increase allocations to crisis preparedness.”
- preventive security policy»Politiken ska ligga steget före och förhindra att« (party programme ↗)“Policy should stay ahead and prevent”
The party programme establishes that threats no longer come only from states but also from other actors and that defence capacity must be adapted to new threats, which is precisely the counter-proposal's starting point.
Plan documents: party programme · 2022 manifesto
Reasoning and quotes
The party programme establishes that threats no longer come only from states but also from other actors and that defence capacity must be adapted to new threats, which is precisely the counter-proposal's starting point. The election manifesto requires that civil defence and society's preparedness be strengthened and that the entire total defence be reinforced. Strengthening the capacity to meet cyber attacks in both public and private sectors thus follows from the plan. The plan does not assess whether the government's already taken measures are sufficient.
Original (Swedish)
Partiprogrammet slår fast att hoten inte längre bara kommer från stater utan även från andra aktörer och att försvarsförmågan måste anpassas efter nya hot, vilket är precis motförslagets utgångspunkt. Valmanifestet kräver att civilförsvaret och samhällets beredskap rustas och att hela totalförsvaret stärks. Att stärka förmågan att möta cyberangrepp i både offentlig och privat sektor följer därför av planen. Planen värderar inte om regeringens redan vidtagna åtgärder räcker.
- adapt defence to new threatsdecisive»Därför måste vi också anpassa vår försvarsförmåga efter nya hot mot landet.« (party programme ↗)“Therefore we must also adapt our defence capacity to new threats against the country.”
- strengthen civil preparedness»Även det civila försvaret är livsviktigt. Vi måste rusta civilförsvaret och samhällets beredskap inför krig och kris.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Civil defence too is vital. We must strengthen civil defence and society's preparedness for war and crisis.”
- strengthen total defence»Vi behöver rusta Sveriges totalförsvar, stärka hela rättskedjan, satsa på förebyggande insatser och en likvärdig skola.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“We need to strengthen Sweden's total defence, strengthen the entire chain of justice, invest in preventive measures and an equal school.”
- rule of law also digital»Samtidigt måste rättssamhället finnas även i den digitala sfären.« (party programme ↗)“At the same time there must be a rule of law society also in the digital sphere.”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The plan establishes that Sweden's defence capacity must increase and that civil defence shall be strengthened at the same pace as military defence, noting that the threat to the security order is acute.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan establishes that Sweden's defence capacity must increase and that civil defence shall be strengthened at the same pace as military defence, noting that the threat to the security order is acute. The counter-proposal's demand for strengthened capacity to prevent and meet cyber attacks throughout society, public and private, follows from these commitments. The plan does not explicitly mention cyber capacity, which is why the conclusion is derived.
Original (Swedish)
Planen slår fast att Sveriges försvarsförmåga måste öka och att det civila försvaret ska stärkas i samma takt som det militära, med hänvisning till att hotet mot säkerhetsordningen är akut. Motförslagets krav på stärkt förmåga att förebygga och möta cyberangrepp i hela samhället, offentligt och privat, följer av dessa åtaganden. Planen nämner inte cyberförmåga uttryckligen, varför slutsatsen är härledd.
- civil defence in pace with military defencedecisive»det civila försvaret stärkas i samma takt som det militära« (2022 manifesto ↗)“civil defence is strengthened at the same pace as military defence”
- increased defence capacity»Sveriges nationella försvarsförmåga måste öka.« (party programme ↗)“Sweden's national defence capacity must increase.”
- acute threat to the security order»Med det ryska anfallskriget mot Ukraina – detta angrepp mot hela Europa – är hotet mot vår säkerhetsordning akut.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“With the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine – this attack on all of Europe – the threat to our security order is acute.”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The plan is based on a broadened concept of security where Sweden must be able to meet cyberwarfare and attacks resulting from the vulnerability of modern society, and where crises must be met with all preventive possibilities of policy.
Plan documents: party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan is based on a broadened concept of security where Sweden must be able to meet cyberwarfare and attacks resulting from the vulnerability of modern society, and where crises must be met with all preventive possibilities of policy. The counter-proposal's requirement for strengthened ability to prevent and meet cyberattacks in both the public and private sectors follows directly from this commitment.
Original (Swedish)
Planen utgår från ett vidgat säkerhetsbegrepp där Sverige måste kunna möta cyberkrigföring och angrepp som följer av det moderna samhällets sårbarhet, och där kriser ska mötas med politikens alla preventiva möjligheter. Motförslagets krav på stärkt förmåga att förebygga och bemöta cyberangrepp i både offentlig och privat sektor följer direkt av detta åtagande.
- capability against cyberattacksdecisive»möta angrepp från internationell kriminalitet, terrorism, cyberkrigföring« (party programme ↗)“meet attacks from international crime, terrorism, cyberwarfare”
- broadened concept of security»Nya typer av konflikter och hot leder till ett vidgat« (party programme ↗)“New types of conflicts and threats lead to a broadened”
- preventive crisis management»Kriser måste mötas med politikens alla preventiva« (party programme ↗)“Crises must be met with all preventive”
- preparedness throughout society»delta i hanteringen av katastrofer och andra svåra påfrestningar i samhället« (party programme ↗)“participate in the management of disasters and other severe hardships in society”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The plan commits to introducing an action plan with concrete measures against hybrid threats and cyberattacks and to developing cyber defence.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan commits to introducing an action plan with concrete measures against hybrid threats and cyberattacks and to developing cyber defence. It explicitly also covers the private sector through better government support to companies in security-sensitive operations. The counter-proposal's demand for strengthened capacity in all parts of society thus aligns with the plan's commitments.
Original (Swedish)
Planen åtar sig att införa en handlingsplan med konkreta åtgärder mot hybridhot och cyberattacker och att utveckla cyberförsvaret. Den omfattar uttryckligen också privat sektor genom bättre statligt stöd till företag i säkerhetskänslig verksamhet. Motförslagets krav på stärkt förmåga i alla delar av samhället sammanfaller därmed med planens åtaganden.
- action plan against cyberattacksdecisive»Införa en handlingsplan med konkreta åtgärder mot hybridhot och cyberattacker« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Introduce an action plan with concrete measures against hybrid threats and cyberattacks”
- protection also in private sector»Ge företag som är engagerade i säkerhetskänslig verksamhet bättre stöd från staten att kunna möta cyberattacker, spionage och stöldförsök från främmande makt« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Give companies engaged in security-sensitive operations better support from the state to meet cyberattacks, espionage and theft attempts by foreign powers”
- developed cyber defence»Utveckla cyberförsvaret« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Develop cyber defence”
- strong civil defence»Tryggheten i Sverige förutsätter också ett starkt civilförsvar« (party programme ↗)“Security in Sweden also requires strong civil defence”
The stance rests on the quoted commitment in the party's own documents; the actual vote deviated. Click the quote to verify it in the document.
The plan wants to strengthen society's preparedness for all types of crises and particularly points out that an increasingly digital society's vulnerability must be evaluated better.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto
Reasoning and quotes
The plan wants to strengthen society's preparedness for all types of crises and particularly points out that an increasingly digital society's vulnerability must be evaluated better. It also wants to strengthen the operational crisis management capability of agencies, regions and municipalities and European cooperation against hybrid threats. The counter-proposal's demand for strengthened capacity against cyber attacks in both the public and private sector follows from these commitments.
Original (Swedish)
Planen vill stärka samhällets beredskap för alla typer av kriser och pekar särskilt på att ett allt mer digitalt samhälles sårbarhet måste utvärderas bättre. Den vill också stärka den operativa krisledningsförmågan hos myndigheter, regioner och kommuner samt det europeiska samarbetet mot hybridhot. Motförslagets krav på stärkt förmåga mot cyberangrepp i både offentlig och privat sektor följer av dessa åtaganden.
- preparedness for all crisesdecisive»Sverigedemokraterna vill stärka samhällets beredskap för alla typer av kriser som kan uppstå.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Sweden Democrats want to strengthen society's preparedness for all types of crises that can occur.”
- digital vulnerability»Samhällets sårbarhet behöver bättre utvärderas, inkluderat hur ett allt mer elektrifierat och digitalt samhälle påverkar utsattheten vid en kris eller störning.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Society's vulnerability needs to be better evaluated, including how an increasingly electrified and digital society affects vulnerability in a crisis or outage.”
- strengthened crisis management capability»Den operativa krisledningsförmågan behöver stärkas på Regeringskansliet och vid landets myndigheter, regioner och kommuner.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Operational crisis management capability needs to be strengthened at the Government Offices and at the country's agencies, regions and municipalities.”
- resistance to hybrid threats»Förstärka det europeiska samarbetet mot islamistiska organisationer, hybridhot och terrorism« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Strengthen European cooperation against Islamist organizations, hybrid threats and terrorism”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
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Sources and documents
- The committee report on riksdagen.se (2023/24:FöU2)
- Committee report full text (HB01FöU2)
- Per-MP voting data (API)
- Case status (API)
Documents under consideration
- Motion 2023/24:1903 — Stärka Sveriges försvarsförmåga av Peter Hedberg och Malin Larsson (båda S)
- Motion 2023/24:2450 — En förstärkning av det civila försvaret och krisberedskapen av Emma Berginger m.fl. (MP)
- Motion 2023/24:2564 — Försvar och samhällets krisberedskap av Peter Hultqvist m.fl. (S)
- Motion 2023/24:2765 — med anledning av skr. 2023/24:26 Riksrevisionens rapport om regeringens styrning av samhällets informations- och cybersäkerhet av Mikael Larsson och Niels Paarup-Petersen (båda C)
- Motion 2023/24:415 — Post och it i hela landet av Jimmy Ståhl m.fl. (SD)
- Motion 2023/24:422 — En framtidsinriktad it-politik av Tobias Andersson m.fl. (SD)
- Motion 2023/24:461 — Cybersäkerhet av Hanna Gunnarsson m.fl. (V)
- Motion 2023/24:497 — En tillförlitlig, konkurrenskraftig och hållbar svensk AI-politik av Rashid Farivar m.fl. (SD)
- Motion 2023/24:880 — Granskning av svenskarnas användning av känslig teknik av Markus Wiechel och Björn Söder (båda SD)
- Regeringens skrivelse 2023/24:26 — Riksrevisionens rapport om regeringens styrning av samhällets informations- och cybersäkerhet
Source: The Swedish Parliament