2023-05-242022/23:MJU15 · p.6MJUEnvironment & agriculture
Different forms of forest protection
New forms of voluntary forest protection
What's at stake: More and more flexible protection options could make it more attractive for landowners to voluntarily set aside valuable forest, but how compensation and taxation are designed directly affects what it costs the individual landowner to protect their land.
Case texts and AI reasoning are AI-translated from the Swedish originals; the Swedish text is authoritative.
What the vote decides
The question is how the range of voluntary forest protection options, such as nature conservation agreements and biotope protection, and the taxation of compensation for formal protection, should be developed.
Yes Yes — the committee proposal
The committee welcomes the fact that more alternative forms of protection and a review of the tax rules for compensation for formal protection are already under way, and rejects the motions on the grounds that this work is already being carried out by the relevant authorities.
No No — the reservations
Reservation 13 (C)
The reservation wants nature conservation qualities to increasingly be treated as a business asset that can be sold, new agreement forms where the landowner retains ownership in exchange for an annual rent, and more favorable taxation of compensation for formal protection in line with the Nordic neighboring countries.
Summarised from the committee report. Party labels in the summary come from the report, not from the vote.
What do the votes mean here?
Yes The committee proposal: rejecting the motions (keeping things as they are).
No Backing the counter-proposal: reservation 13 by C.
Abstain The party marks a position of its own that is not one of the two final alternatives.
The decision would have gone the other way
Explicit commitments that contradicted the vote: MModeraterna, SDSverigedemokraterna
Ja 241–21Nej 119–143
Counterfactual: the parties above are moved to the position their own documents explicitly point at, carrying their whole contingent present. Every other party keeps its real figures, including dissenters and absentees.
How the AI parties would have voted
For each party: what its own plan – election manifesto and party programme – argues for in this case, next to how the party actually voted. The AI can only answer Yes or No; a party can also abstain.
| AI | Vote | Confidence | Evidence | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V | Yes | Abstain 0/0/18/6 | differs | confidence: medium | not addressed |
| S | Yes | Yes 93/0/0/14 | match | confidence: medium | not addressed |
| MP | Yes | Abstain 0/0/13/5 | differs | confidence: medium | not addressed |
| C | No | No 0/21/0/3 | match | confidence: high | explicit |
| L | No | Yes 11/0/0/5 | differs | confidence: medium | not addressed |
| KD | No | Yes 14/0/0/5 | differs | confidence: high | not addressed |
| M | No | Yes 59/0/0/9 | differsagainst own programme | confidence: medium | explicit |
| SD | No | Yes 63/0/0/9 | differsagainst own programme | confidence: high | explicit |
Committee proposal
Parliament rejects the motions 2022/23:854 by Daniel Bäckström et al. (C) demands 7, 8 and 12, 2022/23:1246 by Kajsa Fredholm et al. (V) demand 21 and 2022/23:2110 by Per Bolund et al. (MP) demand 16.
Original (Swedish)
Riksdagen avslår motionerna 2022/23:854 av Daniel Bäckström m.fl. (C) yrkandena 7, 8 och 12, 2022/23:1246 av Kajsa Fredholm m.fl. (V) yrkande 21 och 2022/23:2110 av Per Bolund m.fl. (MP) yrkande 16.
Riksdag decision: Parliament said no to approximately 120 proposals on forest policy, and refers, among other things, to work that is ongoing in the area. The motions deal, among other things, with sustainable management of forests, forestry's role in the bioeconomy, the protection of forests with high nature values, key biotopes and measures against the spruce bark beetle. The proposals were submitted during the general motion period 2022.
Counter-proposals
- The counter-proposal wants to enable increased sustainable forest growth with secured access to biomass. (C) — Reservation 13
Plan vs actual vote
Every party, in chamber order: what its own plan pointed to, how it voted, and the reasoning behind both. Highlighted rows are where the two differ — but a vote that follows the plan is a result too, so the reasoning is there for every party.
The plan establishes that the future cannot be left to the arbitrariness of market forces and that increased shared ownership is needed in order to steer towards ecological sustainability.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto · party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan establishes that the future cannot be left to the arbitrariness of market forces and that increased shared ownership is needed in order to steer towards ecological sustainability. The counter-proposal instead wants to make nature conservation qualities into a business economic and saleable asset, maintain private ownership against lease and tax reduce the compensation. This makes forest protection into a market product in conflict with the plan's requirement for overriding environmental considerations.
Original (Swedish)
Planen slår fast att framtiden inte kan överlåtas till marknadskrafternas godtycke och att ett ökat gemensamt ägande behövs för att kunna styra mot ekologisk hållbarhet. Motförslaget vill i stället göra naturvårdskvaliteter till en företagsekonomisk och säljbar tillgång, behålla privat ägande mot arrende och skattelätta ersättningarna. Det gör skyddet av skogen till en marknadsprodukt i strid med planens krav på överordnade miljöhänsyn.
- not market's arbitrarinessdecisive»Det går inte att överlåta framtiden till marknadskrafternas godtycke« (2022 manifesto ↗)“The future cannot be left to the arbitrariness of market forces”
- shared ownership»Ett ökat gemensamt ägande ger oss större möjlighet att styra« (party programme ↗)“Increased shared ownership gives us greater opportunity to steer”
- environmental consideration overriding»de långsiktiga miljöhänsynen måste vara överordnade i den meningen att ett globalt ekologiskt sammanbrott aldrig kan« (party programme ↗)“long-term environmental considerations must be overriding in the sense that global ecological collapse can never”
- protection of forest areas»Skyddet av skogs- och strandområden är en viktig del för att värna den svenska allemansrätten och den biologiska mångfalden.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Protection of forest and coastal areas is an important part of safeguarding Swedish right of public access and biological diversity.”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The plan proceeds from the view that market mechanisms cannot handle things that lack a market price and warns that nothing has value when everything has a price.
Plan documents: party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan proceeds from the view that market mechanisms cannot handle things that lack a market price and warns that nothing has value when everything has a price. Making nature conservation qualities into a sellable business asset with leases and more favourable taxation puts the protection of diversity in the market's hands. The tax reduction moreover breaches the plan's principle of broad tax bases. The plan therefore speaks against the demand.
Original (Swedish)
Planen utgår från att marknadsmekanismerna inte klarar av att hushålla med sådant som saknar marknadspris och varnar för att inget har värde när allt har ett pris. Att göra naturvårdskvaliteter till en säljbar företagsekonomisk tillgång med arrenden och gynnsammare beskattning lägger just skyddet av mångfalden i marknadens händer. Skattelättnaden bryter dessutom mot planens princip om breda skattebaser. Planen talar därför mot kravet.
- the market cannot handle naturedecisive»marknadsmekanismerna inte klarar av att hushålla med sådant som saknar marknadspris« (party programme ↗)“market mechanisms cannot handle things that lack a market price”
- limits to market logic»När allt har ett pris har ingenting något värde.« (party programme ↗)“When everything has a price, nothing has any value.”
- protect biological diversity»biologiska mångfalden måste skyddas.« (party programme ↗)“biological diversity must be protected.”
- broad tax bases, few exceptions»breda skattebaser och att alla förvärvsinkomster och ersättningar« (party programme ↗)“broad tax bases and that all employment income and compensation”
The counter-proposal wants to treat nature conservation qualities as a tradeable business asset and replace formal protection with leases and tax relief.
Plan documents: party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The counter-proposal wants to treat nature conservation qualities as a tradeable business asset and replace formal protection with leases and tax relief. The plan's principle is the opposite: when the economy clashes with ecology it is the economy that should be adapted, all living things have an intrinsic value regardless of utility and especially valuable forest should be protected from felling. The plan therefore speaks against the demand.
Original (Swedish)
Motförslaget vill behandla naturvårdskvaliteter som en säljbar företagsekonomisk tillgång och ersätta formellt skydd med arrenden och skattelättnader. Planens princip är den omvända: när ekonomin krockar med ekologin är det ekonomin som ska anpassas, allt levande har ett egenvärde oavsett nytta och särskilt värdefull skog ska skyddas från avverkning. Planen talar därför mot kravet.
- the economy adapts to ecologydecisive»När det ekonomiska systemet krockar med det« (party programme ↗)“When the economic system clashes with”
- nature's intrinsic value»allt levande har ett egenvärde oavsett dess nytta för« (party programme ↗)“all living things have an intrinsic value regardless of their utility for”
- formal protection of valuable forest»Särskilt värdefull skog ska skyddas från avverkning.« (party programme ↗)“Especially valuable forest should be protected from felling.”
- environmental consideration before exploitation»Miljöhänsyn ska väga tyngre än« (party programme ↗)“Environmental consideration should weigh more heavily than”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The party programme establishes the right to payment when producing ecosystem services and demands better pricing of ecosystems.
Plan documents: party programme · 2022 manifesto
Reasoning and quotes
The party programme establishes the right to payment when producing ecosystem services and demands better pricing of ecosystems. The counter-proposal's conservation qualities as a sellable asset, lease agreements where the landowner retains ownership, and more favorable taxation of compensation represent exactly that model. The election manifesto makes voluntary action and property rights the basis for conservation and demands significantly higher compensation for land use.
Original (Swedish)
Partiprogrammet slår fast rättigheten att få betalt när man producerar ekosystemtjänster och kräver en bättre prissättning av ekosystemen. Motförslagets naturvårdskvaliteter som säljbar tillgång, arrendeavtal där markägaren behåller ägandet och gynnsammare beskattning av ersättning är precis den modellen. Valmanifestet gör frivillighet och äganderätt till naturvårdens grund och kräver avsevärt högre ersättning för ianspråktagen mark.
- payment for ecosystem servicesdecisive»Lika viktigt som skyldigheten att betala när man belastar miljön, är rättigheten att få betalt när man producerar ekosystemtjänster.« (party programme ↗)“Equally important as the obligation to pay when burdening the environment is the right to payment when producing ecosystem services.”
- voluntary action and property rights»underlätta för markägare att bidra, då frivillighet och äganderätt är grunden för en bättre naturvård« (2022 manifesto ↗)“facilitate for landowners to contribute, as voluntary action and property rights are the basis for better conservation”
- higher compensation for land use»Likaså ska ersättning för ianspråktagen mark ersättas till avsevärt större belopp än idag.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Likewise, compensation for land use shall be increased to significantly larger amounts than today.”
- price the ecosystems»så behövs en bättre prissättning av våra ekosystem« (party programme ↗)“better pricing of our ecosystems is needed”
The plan establishes that landowners shall be compensated for collective benefits such as nature conservation and preserved biological diversity, which is the very idea in the counter-proposal's demand for contractual forms with retained ownership and annual lease.
Plan documents: party programme · 2022 manifesto
Reasoning and quotes
The plan establishes that landowners shall be compensated for collective benefits such as nature conservation and preserved biological diversity, which is the very idea in the counter-proposal's demand for contractual forms with retained ownership and annual lease. The plan also wants those who deliver climate benefit to be paid and wants the state to cooperate well with landowners. More favorable taxation of compensation is not mentioned, but follows from the plan's view of property rights and economic freedom.
Original (Swedish)
Planen slår fast att markägare ska ersättas för kollektiva nyttigheter som naturvård och bevarad biologisk mångfald, vilket är själva idén i motförslagets krav på avtalsformer med kvarstående ägande och årligt arrende. Planen vill också att den som levererar en klimatnytta får betalt och att staten samverkar väl med markägare. Gynnsammare beskattning av ersättning nämns inte, men följer av planens syn på äganderätt och ekonomisk frihet.
- compensation for nature conservation benefitdecisive»Jordbruket ska i likhet med andra sektorer bära sina egna miljö- och klimatkostnader, men också ersättas för kollektiva nyttigheter som naturvård samt bevarande av den biologiska mångfalden.« (party programme ↗)“Agriculture shall, like other sectors, bear its own environmental and climate costs, but also be compensated for collective benefits such as nature conservation and preservation of biological diversity.”
- cooperation with landowners»Staten ska sträva efter god samverkan med markägare och lokalbefolkning i naturvård« (party programme ↗)“The state shall strive for good cooperation with landowners and local populations in nature conservation”
- compensation for climate benefit»nu måste staten se till att den som minskar mängden växthusgaser i atmosfären också får betalt« (2022 manifesto ↗)“now the state must ensure that those who reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere also get paid”
- property rights and economic freedom»Det liberala samhället förutsätter ekonomisk frihet.« (party programme ↗)“The liberal society presupposes economic freedom.”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The plan is based on principled support for private property rights to forest land as a guarantee for long-term stewardship and requires full compensation for restrictions in property rights.
Plan documents: party programme
Reasoning and quotes
The plan is based on principled support for private property rights to forest land as a guarantee for long-term stewardship and requires full compensation for restrictions in property rights. It also requires that economic policy instruments and support are used to create economic incentives to act environmentally. Contractual forms where the owner retains ownership against lease, nature conservation qualities as a saleable asset and more favourable taxation of compensation follow directly from this.
Original (Swedish)
Planen bygger på ett principiellt stöd för den enskilda äganderätten till skogsmark som garant för långsiktigt förvaltarskap och kräver fullgod ersättning vid inskränkningar i äganderätten. Den kräver också att ekonomiska styrmedel och stöd används för att skapa ekonomiska motiv att agera miljövänligt. Avtalsformer där markägaren behåller ägandet mot arrende, naturvårdskvaliteter som säljbar tillgång och gynnsammare beskattning av ersättning följer direkt av detta.
- private property right as stewarddecisive»för den enskilda äganderätten och generationers erfarenhet av enskilt ägande av skogs- och jordbruksmark« (party programme ↗)“for private property rights and generations' experience of private ownership of forest and agricultural land”
- compensation for restrictions»fullgod ersättning vid olika former av inskränkningar i« (party programme ↗)“full compensation for various forms of restrictions in”
- economic incentives for environmental benefit»Ekonomiska styrmedel och stöd ska användas för« (party programme ↗)“Economic policy instruments and support shall be used for”
- taxation without undermining ownership»andra former av beskattning får inte urholka äganderätten och ska utformas enligt vedertagna skatterättsliga principer som skatt efter bärkraft och likabehandling.« (party programme ↗)“other forms of taxation must not undermine property rights and shall be designed according to established tax law principles as taxation according to ability and equal treatment.”
The plan takes no explicit position on what the committee actually decided — often because the committee's reason was procedural. The stance is derived and fully cited, but it does not show the party broke a commitment.
The counter-proposal wants forest protection through contract forms where the landowner retains ownership against annual compensation and that compensation is taxed more favourably.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto
Reasoning and quotes
The counter-proposal wants forest protection through contract forms where the landowner retains ownership against annual compensation and that compensation is taxed more favourably. The plan establishes that formal forest protection shall occur through voluntariness and that forest owners' property rights shall be strengthened, on the basis that what one owns one also cares for. The plan's opposition to higher tax collection also supports the tax part.
Original (Swedish)
Motförslaget vill att skydd av skog sker genom avtalsformer där markägaren behåller ägandet mot årlig ersättning och att ersättningen beskattas gynnsammare. Planen slår fast att formellt skydd av skog ska ske genom frivillighet och att skogsägarnas äganderätt ska stärkas, med utgångspunkten att det man äger också vårdar man. Planens motstånd mot högre skatteuttag stöder även den skattemässiga delen.
- voluntary forest protectiondecisive»Stärka skogsägarnas äganderätt genom att formellt skydd av skog ska ske genom frivillighet« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Strengthen forest owners' property rights by ensuring that formal forest protection occurs through voluntariness”
- property rights enable sustainable use»Äganderätten är en förutsättning för ett hållbart skogsbruk.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Property rights are a prerequisite for sustainable forestry.”
- ownership creates stewardship»Det man äger vårdar man, och egenansvar skapar de bästa förutsättningarna för en levande landsbygd.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“What one owns one cares for, and personal responsibility creates the best conditions for a living countryside.”
- no higher tax collection»mer skatt är ingen lösning« (2022 manifesto ↗)“more tax is not a solution”
The stance rests on the quoted commitment in the party's own documents; the actual vote deviated. Click the quote to verify it in the document.
The election manifesto wants to provide compensation for adapted management of sensitive nature rather than for nature reserve establishment and states that forest conservation should be done on a voluntary basis and with fair compensation.
Plan documents: 2022 manifesto
Reasoning and quotes
The election manifesto wants to provide compensation for adapted management of sensitive nature rather than for nature reserve establishment and states that forest conservation should be done on a voluntary basis and with fair compensation. The counter-proposal's demand for contractual arrangements where the landowner retains ownership in exchange for annual rent, conservation qualities as a sellable asset and more favorable taxation of compensation directly aligns with this and with the plan's commitment to strengthen property rights.
Original (Swedish)
Valmanifestet vill ge ersättning för anpassad skötsel av känslig natur snarare än för reservatsbildning och slår fast att avsättning av skog ska ske på frivillighetens grund och med god ersättning. Motförslagets krav på avtalsformer där markägaren behåller ägandet mot ett årligt arrende, naturvårdskvaliteter som säljbar tillgång och gynnsammare beskattning av ersättningen ligger direkt i linje med detta och med planens åtagande att stärka äganderätten.
- compensation for managementdecisive»ge ersättning för anpassad skötsel av känslig natur snarare än för reservatsbildning« (2022 manifesto ↗)“provide compensation for adapted management of sensitive nature rather than for reserve establishment”
- voluntary conservation and fair compensation»Avsättning av skog till reservat ska ske på frivillighetens grund och med god ersättning.« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Forest conservation to reserves should be done on a voluntary basis and with fair compensation.”
- strengthened property rights»Stärka äganderätten« (2022 manifesto ↗)“Strengthen property rights”
- management before reserves»Att anpassad skogsskötsel prioriteras före reservatsavsättning« (2022 manifesto ↗)“That adapted forest management is prioritized before reserve establishment”
The stance rests on the quoted commitment in the party's own documents; the actual vote deviated. Click the quote to verify it in the document.
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Sources and documents
- The committee report on riksdagen.se (2022/23:MJU15)
- Committee report full text (HA01MJU15)
- Per-MP voting data (API)
- Case status (API)
Documents under consideration
- Motion 2022/23:1222 — Gammelskog för kvalitetsvirke av Aron Emilsson (SD)
- Motion 2022/23:1246 — Hållbart skogsbruk för biologisk mångfald och klimatet av Kajsa Fredholm m.fl. (V)
- Motion 2022/23:1672 — En levande landsbygd för Sveriges bästa av Annie Lööf m.fl. (C)
- Motion 2022/23:1867 — Möjlighet till ökad kemisk bekämpning av granbarkborren av Sten Bergheden (M)
- Motion 2022/23:1902 — Skogsnäringen i Skåne av Ann-Charlotte Hammar Johnsson m.fl. (M)
- Motion 2022/23:1948 — Bättre bekämpning av granbarkborren i reservaten av Sten Bergheden (M)
- Motion 2022/23:2000 — Ökad produktion i skogen av Sten Bergheden (M)
- Motion 2022/23:2072 — Utgiftsområde 23 Areella näringar, landsbygd och livsmedel av Anna-Caren Sätherberg m.fl. (S)
- Motion 2022/23:2095 — Friluftspolitisk motion av Amanda Lind m.fl. (MP)
- Motion 2022/23:211 — Avverkningsanmälan och dess offentlighet av Mikael Larsson (C)
- Motion 2022/23:2110 — En kraftfull naturpolitik för starka ekosystem, biologisk mångfald och ökad klimatnytta av Per Bolund m.fl. (MP)
- Motion 2022/23:2175 — En klimatpolitik som står upp för Parisavtalet av Per Bolund m.fl. (MP)
- Motion 2022/23:2190 — Ledarskap för klimat och grön omställning av Annie Lööf m.fl. (C)
- Motion 2022/23:444 — Östergötlands skogsägare av John Widegren m.fl. (M)
- Motion 2022/23:467 — Säkerställande av den svenska skogsproduktionen av Isak From och Monica Haider (båda S)
- Motion 2022/23:649 — Statligt utredningsansvar gällande förekomster av arter i skogen av Helena Lindahl m.fl. (C)
- Motion 2022/23:854 — Skog och bioekonomi av Daniel Bäckström m.fl. (C)
- Motion 2022/23:907 — Cirkulär ekonomi och kemikalier av Stina Larsson m.fl. (C)
- Motion 2022/23:937 — Levande landsbygd av Eric Palmqvist m.fl. (SD)
- Motion 2022/23:972 — Skogspolitik med helhetssyn av Martin Kinnunen m.fl. (SD)
Source: The Swedish Parliament